Did Jews Participate in the Early Muslim Raids and Battles?

From "Non-Muslims in the Muslim Conquest Army in Early Islam"

a. The ḥadīth from al-Zuhrī, narrated via four different channels, says that some Jews used to raid with the Prophet, and he would give them and the Muslims the same shares of the booty (kāna yahūd yaghzūna maʿa al-nabī fa-yushim lahum ka-sihām al-muslimīn).

b. The ḥadīth from al-Wāqidī says that the Prophet took along with him to Khaybar ten Jews from Medina and gave them and the Muslims the same shares of the booty.  This possibly deals with the same occasion spelled out less clearly in the ḥadīth from Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī, which says: “I came with a party of the Ashʿarīn to the Prophet at Khaybar and he gave us shares like those who conquered it.”

c. The ḥadīth from Ibn ʿAbbās that the Prophet sought the assistance of the Banū Qaynuqāʿ (of the Jews) in an unidentified battle; he gave them a little but did not give them shares (i.e., as he did to the Muslims; istaʿāna rasūl Allāh bi-yahūd Qaynuqāʿ faraḍakha lahum wa-lam yushim).

d. It is related that Saʿd b. Mālik (= Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ) led a campaign in which there were Jews. After the battle, he gave them a little of the booty (raḍakha lahum). This report elicited the following comment from Ibn Ḥazm: “We know of no one of the Companions who went against Saʿd in this [matter].”

e. It is narrated on the authority of al-Awzāʿī that the basis for his position is not only that the Prophet gave shares (of the booty) to those who fought with him from the Jews, but also that the people in charge of the Muslims (wulāt al-muslimīn) after the Prophet gave shares to the Jews and Magians (majūs) whose assistance they sought against their enemies.

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